Funding Of The Bureau Of Investigations Essay - 1261 Words

FUNDING OF THE FEDERABL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONS The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) is an agency that engages in the enforcement of laws at the federal level and is under the department of Justice. (Schlesinger, 2012) There are many challenges that the USA faces in terms of criminal activity that requires a singular approach that cannot be provided by the state departments of police whose jurisdictions are limited to the states they operate in. In this case, there is need for a policing agency that investigates transnational crime including espionage, drug trafficking and terrorism. This is where the agenda of the FBI derives. (Weiner, 2012) This paper endeavors to discuss the source of funding for the FBI and shall go further to assess the activities to which the said funds have been applied. There are many activities that form part of the work of the FBI. However, this analysis shall consider at least three major activities to which these funds are applied. It shall also be the aim of this paper to analyze the possible impact of the withdrawal of such funds. Ultimately, there shall be a discussion of the influence of politics and policy considerations on the funding of the FBI. Source of Funding. The major source of funding for the FBI comes in the form of budgetary allocation of the federal government of the USA. As federal agency under the department of justice, the FBI receives funds from the central government in form of annual allocations on the strength ofShow MoreRelatedCounterterrorism In Cyber Enforcement1376 Words   |  6 Pageswere few and funding was scarce. After 9/11 the amount of counterterror squads tripled across the country and funding amounts grew. The country and the Bureau said â€Å"Never Again† and the Bureau has taken that to heart. Counterterrorism has since that day remained as the top most priority for the Bureau and is reflected in the number of personnel assigned and the internal funds directed to the cause. In addition to counterterrorism, the rapid growth of technology had required the Bureau to expand itsRead MoreThe Importance Of Statistics In Policy Support739 Words   |  3 Pagescrime is increasing or reducing in specific areas; i t helps law enforcement prepare plans of action to combat crime in specific areas. Sources such as the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), which is overseen by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) is just one crime data collection asset that is used to determine nationwide crime trends. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (2017), â€Å"Research is critical to the development of sound criminal justiceRead MoreFederal Agencies1660 Words   |  7 Pagesagency lies within the administrative structure of the federal government.. Objective of this paper is to discuss where the following agencies lie in the administrative structure of the federal government: U.S. Army Corps Engineers U.S. Bureau Land Management U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Geological Survey The (USACE) United States Army Corps of Engineers  is a U.S federal agency operating under the Department of Defense. Major army command is made upRead MoreFederal Bureau Of Investigations And The Central Intelligence Agency1633 Words   |  7 Pageslimitations that the Federal Bureau of Investigations and the Central Intelligence Agency had faced. Security breaches and poor intelligence sharing were just some of the critical failures that were encountered. Moreover, the main focus is pointed towards the miscommunication between these two agencies. Evidently, the execution and tactical strategies went unnoticed despite the apparent red flags that presented themselves, in addition to the Federal Bureau of Investigations and the Central IntelligenceRead MoreAnthrax And Its Effects On Humans1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing the Trade Center attack, letters were sent through the mail to the media and to congressional offices, that had microscopic spores on them (Federal Bureau of I nvestigation, n.d.). Inhalation of the spores and the lack of proper treatment lead to the death of five people, as well as 17 who were infected (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Most of the individuals forwent treatment due to the symptoms that mimic other illness-flu, common cold symptoms, or upper respiratory infection, untilRead MoreInterventions and Policies for Airline Accident Prevention1804 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing replaced with a more systematic and selective process. As aircraft technology and systems development becomes more advanced, air travel perceived as safer and as such, the role of investigating agencies has evolved. A number of air safety investigation agencies have policies to help determine their level of response to occurrences by considering a range of factors such as the severity of the event, the category of aircraft involved, class of operation and public interest. In the majority of occurrencesRead MoreOrganizational Management and Operations Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagespreventing society from victimizing itself at the local and state level. Essentially local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies have the same mandates. The main difference of these agencies lies in their jurisdictions, staffing, funding, support, and operations. Regardless of the level, each sworn officer took an oath to enforce the laws of the United States and his or her local governments within his or her established jurisdictions. Fundamentally, each officerRead MoreWhy Do People Join Gangs?762 Words   |  4 Pages fraud, extortion, and prostitution rings. According to the 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment report, gangs are responsible for an average of 48 percent of violent crime in most jurisdictions, and up to 90 percent in others(Federal Bureau of Investigations). African American and Hispanic gangs began in on the west coast around the 1920s. They consisted of mostly family members and neighborhood friends. In the late 60s, the Crips and Bloods, the most violent and criminally activeRead MoreThe Policing Function At The Local, State, And Federal Organizational Levels Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesor her job consist of traffic regulations and criminal investigations. State level police officers put more of his or her lives in harm’s way. For he or she who works within the criminal justice system, corrections, and court system with a purpose to deter crime within the community, arrest criminals, enforce the laws, respond to emergencies, and operate correctional facilities. Federal law enforcements roles are Federal Bureau of Investigations, The U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Drug EnforcementRead MoreThe Flawed System Of The Uniform Crime Reporting Program882 Words   |  4 PagesThe two flawed systems that are in use for collecting crime statistics in the United States are, Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). These programs were developed by t he Federal Bureau of Investigations to collect crime data from around the United States. Both systems are outdated and need to be updated. Although these programs may be flawed, they are still used to collect very important data that is collected to write new policies that

Flashbacks Nightmares During Pregnancy Essay - 2287 Words

Nightmares During Pregnancy By:- Aditi Kapoor Its true that during pregnancy or shorty after they’ve given birth dream perception of the people changes. But have you wondered why this happens? (Of course, We’re talking to the women in this post, but you men can feel free to read along and learn something as well). Many women complaints that they encounter dreams about miscarriages or some miss happening to their baby, not only dreams related to the pregnancy but themselves too or about family or anything related to them. During this period of time many women also encounter problems of hallucinations. This post will hopefully help you to understand why people have nightmares during early pregnancy (And even later) and what you can do about it, or what you can do to relieve some of the vividness and ‘scariness’ of it all, to make your experience more enjoyable. After all, no one REALLY wants to wake up at 3 in the morning sweating after a vivid nightmare, do they. We’ll explain a little bit about these types of dreams and then at the end of the post we’ll give some tips and tricks regarding what you can do to stop having these nightmares. Some nightmares during pregnancy will be unavoidable, but you can certainly reduce the number of bad dreams you have. Okay, so let’s look at what happens during pregnancy and why it could affect your dreams in a negative way.. Types of dreams As we are talking about the nightmare stuff, so lets start with the the types of most commonShow MoreRelatedAbortion: Is It Murder?1524 Words   |  7 Pagesher body. Although, the unborn baby inside a woman is still a person living, and terminating that pregnancy is the same thing as murder. No one should have the choice to commit murder. Abortion is honestly wrong because the laws prohibiting abortion help to keep people from playing God for selfish reasons. According to the â€Å"Guttmacher Institute,† in the United States about 1.6 million pregnancies end in abortion. Women with incomes under eleven thousand dollars are over three times more likelyRead MoreShould We Outlaw Abortion? Essay example1045 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendments reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a womans decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. (White, 94) But in time of this revolutionary court deciding, Norma McCorvey was too late to get the very abortion she was fighting for. She delivered child and immidelty the baby as given up for adoption. But it was the case Roe vs. Wade thatRead MoreSexual Assault And Its Effects On Society1389 Words   |  6 Pagesinstances, the victim will blame themselves for what has happened to them. Physically, there is nearly always damage in the affected areas (vagina, anus, penis, breasts, etcetera) that can lead to painful tissue damage. There is also the risk of pregnancy or STD’s that the victim must be aware of. Psychosocially, the victim becomes distant with everyone they were once close to. Their level of trust declines dramatically, causing relationships with spouses, family, and close friends to crumble. SinceRead MoreAbortion Is The Termination Of A Pregnancy After, Accompanied1435 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, o r closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. People have used the negative psychological effects of abortion as a basis to either promote or discourage abortion; making it one of the most highly debated topics for years. Many studies argue that abortion can lead to serious mental illness as people have disclosed effects ranging from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, sexualRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Child Sexual Abuse1467 Words   |  6 Pagesadults Many perpetrators of sexual assault are in position of trust or responsible for the child’s care, for instance, a family member, teacher, coach or priest. A study shows that the combination of lack of care and either physical or sexual abuse during childhood is strongly associated with an elevated risk of adult homelessness. Adults who experienced a combination of a lack of care and either child physical or sexual abuse were 26 times more likely to have been homeless than those with no experiencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1652 Words   |  7 Pages culture, or religion. It is not uncommon for men to experience spousal abuse. However, in reality abuse done by men towards women is a much more common occurrence. Men often abuse women as a result of negative domestic relationships experienced during childhood, the feeling of inadequacy and mental illness. However, the leading cause for this behaviour is the feeling of inferiority and the need to exert power. Stereotypically, the man in a relationship is seen as the protector, however in an abusiveRead MoreThe Job Of Her Dreams1716 Words   |  7 Pagestwenty-eig ht million women in the United States have had one or more abortions. These were women who were challenged and stressed by the circumstances surrounding the pregnancy, and the people on whom they normally would rely for support in difficult circumstances were unable, unwilling or unavailable to help with the crisis pregnancy. Boyfriends, even husbands, said they weren’t ‘ready for fatherhood.’ A woman who lacks the willing support and encouragement of the father to help raise the child isRead MoreIs Abortion a Defendable Idea on Moral Ground? Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesThis crucial yet sensitive issue continues to negatively affect the lives of humans. According to Tom Head (2003), abortion is destroying the physical and spiritual body. â€Å"It is the intentional termination of a pregnancy after conception. It allows women to put an end to their pregnancies, and involves killing the undeveloped embryo or fetus†. At the moment of conception, the emb ryo or fetus becomes alive. This new life now, imposes on us a moral obligation to preserve it. Let us also examine theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscusses of how the plant is a main factor in the causing of bronchitis, but states that this is only a proposed theory and unproven still at today s date. He does note that the plant will enter the woman s bloodstream through the placenta during pregnancy. Evidence indicates the plant is transferred to breast milk. This could cause spontaneous abortion and babies born at a lower weight (Kleber 139). Possibly the most controversial benefit of marijuana, the medicinal use. It has been provenRead More Abortions and Mens Rights Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pageschild. He is denied any rights to defend his child he cannot say one word about the continued existence of his child in the womb. The Supreme Court’s decision literally stripped the father of all his parental rights regarding his own flesh and blood during the first nine months of his son or daughter’s life. Only at birth can he engage in the child’s life and have full rights along with obligations granted to him. How is it that the courts paved the way for women to dispose of a fetus if they want to

Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study Free Essays

Billy Joel decided he wanted to learn to play the violin for his next set of concerts. He called a violin salesman in New York and asked if he had any for sale. The salesman stated he had a Stradivarius and a Guarnerius (two famous brands of violins) and offered to sell them to Billy for $80,000 and $24,000, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Billy agreed, over the phone, to purchase the violins from the salesman and told him he would be in town the next week to pick them up. Billy didn’t show up for two months, and when he entered the store, the salesman wasn’t there. His wife, Margaret, was there in the store, however, and she had full knowledge of the deal cut between her husband and Billy. (She’d heard her husband whining, complaining, and wailing about Billy not showing up for the last 2 months – and she was really sick of hearing about it.) Billy asked to see the violins, and Margaret showed him both of them. Billy stated he would agree to pay $65,000 for both of them, and Margaret, knowing that they were counterfeits and only worth $2,000 AND realizing that their house was about to go into foreclosure, agreed to the reduction in price and sold Billy the two violins for $65,000. She gave him a bill of sale that she wrote out on a note pad on the counter, which said, â€Å"Paid in full. Strativarus and Granruius violans. $65,000. Chk # 4301 Billy Joel. Salesperson: Margaret Madoff.† The notepad was one she had brought home from their last vacation to Las Vegas and was from The Flamingo hotel there. Billy took home the violins and proceeded to learn to play, albeit very poorly. Meanwhile, the salesman discovers that Margaret sold the violins for less than he had bargained for. He sues Billy Joel for the $39,000 difference, stating that Margaret was not an employee of the store and had no authority to change the deal he and Billy had made. During the pendency of the suit, and after his next concert, the newspapers stated, â€Å"Billy Joel should give up playing the violin! He stinks!† Billy takes his violins to a music store to sell them and discovers they are only worth $2,000 and that they are not Stradivarius and Guarnerius violins but are instead counterfeits. He wants to countersue the salesman and asks you on what basis can he do so. Using contract, agency, and any other legal concepts you have learned this session, on what bases can Billy sue the salesman and his wife? What defenses will they have? Do you think Billy can recover? Further, will Margaret’s husband (his name is Bernard) be able to collect against Billy for the difference in price from the original deal? Explain your answer fully as to the why’s, wherefore’s, and why not’s for both parties. Use bullet points and â€Å"issue spotting† to assist you in your answer. Case Solution In the above case scenario, the oral contract that was made between the seller and the buyer are not binding in the court of law in accordance to the contract law. As in the case the seller has been be met with the loss of settling for less that the agreed verbal contract holds. The offer that was made by the seller and accepted by the buyer was a partial fulfilment of the contract. The absent of proof that in deed an agreement was made between the two parties will made the court to rule in favour of Billy. This should hence be the basis of argument that Billy can use. The sell of counterfeit commodities to a buyer in high prices is considered to be a crime. The use of this basis by Billy holds a chance of guaranteeing him victory. This will also help in the reclaiming of his image as a performer indicating that it was the counterfeit pianos that lead to the earlier poor performance. It is hence imperative to state that through these bases Bill will have a strong argument in the court against the business persons. Defence to be used by the Business Persons: It is paramount to note that the Bernard and Margaret as the business persons do not hold a strong case against Billy due to the lack proof of the contract that was made in this business transaction. The fact that Margaret facilitated the completion of the verbal business relations with the sale of the piano at a rate that was lower than the initially accepted prices can be used to state that she was not a business individual. The recommended $ 39,000 difference that Bernard is seeking from Billy Joel with regards to the agreed price would be based on the fact that the individual who facilitated the initial processes of the contract was not an authority. The Collection of the Extra Money: The initial prices that had been verbally quoted by the salesman where: $ 80,000 for Stradivarius piano and $ 24,000 for the Guarnerius piano. The total price that was paid for during the selling traction was only $65,000 which was less by $ 39,000. The fact that the two pianos where deemed to be counterfeit with the total worth of only $ 2,000, the chances of the business personnel having a refund will be unfruitful. It would not be in order for the court to rule in favour of the Bernard to attain the extra funds by virtue that they had sold a product to their customer that was functioning properly that ended up denting his image as a performer. The original deal made between the two parties was based on lies and hence should not be cemented with the pay of the extra unpaid funds. A refund for the already paid funds in terms of $ 65,000 should be made to the customer. In the analysis of this case, it has been ascertained that the holding of physical proof for the contracts has to be met in any business relations. This will help in the smooth transition of the business activities (Larson, 2010). Contract: In this case, the business contract was made between two parties with an oral offer and acceptance of the buyer. Based on the agreement, the two pianos were to be purchased at the stated price of $104,000. The reasonable period to enforce the purchase was the agreed one week where Billy was to collect the items. This can be used against him by the seller stating that they did not stick to the original oral business contract. The act of the seller misinterpreting the worth of the two pianos was not lawful since it is prohibited by the federal government. The presence of the third party in the business relation (wife) led to the reformation of the contract a new price generated. This led to the promise made to be broken by the buyer in the presence of the third party. Agency: The ostensible authority that is held by the wife of the seller to give the buyer a new business deal with the information she held about the fake nature of the pianos would be termed in order in the court if the two jointly owned the business. The fact that she was not gives the seller an upper hand in stating that the purchase was made on unfair terms without his knowledge. This gives a somewhat strong basis for argument in the quest to attain the $ 39,000 difference in payment that was not made. How to cite Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study, Free Case study samples

Mycorrhizae free essay sample

Mycorrhiza is a specialized fungus in the soil which forms close associations with the roots of a vascular plants * In other temperate and boreal successional systems arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are the primary mycorrhizal associate in early succession, whereas in older soils the main associates are ectomycorrhizal fungi (Piotrowski, 2008). Arbuscualar Mycorrhizae: Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type of mycorrhiza in land plants. It’s root cells have arbuscules (tree like structure, highly branched hyphae inside plant cells) and vesicles in most species Its occurrence in a vast majority of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the origin of land plants. Classes include Archaeosporales, Diversisporales, Glomerales, Paraglomerales, part of the phylum Globermycota, and part of the kingdom fungi (species grow Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) * Fossil evidence and DNA sequence analysis by mycologists show arbuscular mycorrhizae first appeared approximately 400-460 million years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Mycorrhizae or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Arbuscular mycorrhizas are found in 90% of all plant families, and occur in many crop species. How it Works: * Plant nutrients which are concentrated with nutrients are taken by hyphae and then released into the root cells of vascular plants. Nutrients can also be stored in the root of the fungus and used in the future when the nutrients are needed, such as low temperatures or season fluctuations. * Arbuscular mycorrhizas are mycorrhizas whose hyphae enter into the plant cells, producing balloon-like vesicles or dichotomously-branching arbuscules. Arbuscular mycorrhizae are known to be heterkaryon, goining through both asexual and sexual reproduction. * The hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce the glycoprotein glomalin, which may be one of the major stores of carbon in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have (possibly) been asexual for many millions of years and, unusually, individuals can contain many genetically different nuclei (a phenomenon called heterokaryosis). * The fungal hyphae do not in fact penetrate the protoplast (i. . the interior of the cell), but invaginate the cell membrane. The structure of the arbuscules greatly increases the contact surface area between the hypha and the cell cytoplasm to facilitate the transfer of nutrients between them. Ectomycorrhizae * Ectomycorrhizas, or EcM, are typically formed between the roots of around 10% of plant families, mostly woody plants including, eucalyptus, oak, pine, and rose * Families and fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. Ectomycorrhizas consist of a hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and a hartig net of hyphae surrounding the plant cells within the root cortex. In some cases the hyphae may also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is called an ectendomycorrhiza. Outside the root, the fungal mycelium forms an extensive network within the soil and leaf litter. Nutrients can be shown to move between different plants through the fungal network. Carbon has been shown to move from paper birch trees into Douglas-fir trees thereby promoting succession in ecosystems. Benefits of Mycorrhizae * AMF affect phosphorus cycling, aid seedling establishment of many plant groups, help maintain plant diversity, and strongly contribute to soil stabilization and carbon storage through soil aggregate formation * Experiments have shown mycorrhizas can increase the uptake of plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous when they are at low concentrations or in insoluble form in the soil * Improve crops without being indispensible * Make nutrient uptake from poor soil more resourceful Mycorrhizas can increase the absorption of plant nutrients when they are at low temperatures or insoluble in the soil * The plant supplies the fungus with carbon compounds, including hexose sugars which are sugar alcohols which increases the plant cell permeability. * Carbon can be transferred between plants because mycorrhizae grow and attach to many different roots of plants of different species

Episode Of Hands Essays - British Poetry, Hart Crane,

Episode Of Hands The first thing that comes to mind upon reading this poem is a sense of calmness and relaxation. Described well is an attempt at reminiscing at one's past, and how it may have affected life at present. It is a poem of truth, and the joy that comes with the realization of one's self, the inner being. In the poem is a character who has injured himself during work, and has taken a recess to tend to the wound. During this time the character is able to find it within himself to discover a truth within that reveals more to him of his life than his life itself could do, having seen its entirety. It gives evidence of having lived two separate lives, one on top of the other, but neither owning the upper hand at any time. It is a poem of change, and how things never change as they are expected to do, nor do they change before our eyes as we would believe, but instead change us in a way that makes us blind to ourselves. "As the fingers of the factory owner's son, That knew a grip for books and tennis"; here is described the man's childhood, and here, "As well as one for iron and leather,-", is described his adulthood, with responsibilities and duties to perform. The style of Hart Crane is nearly unmatched. Here he uses a free verse structure, written as a Blackwood Article, in a story that depicts an event which is the theme and the subject of the poem. He uses little rhyme, with any structure, but the words flow from frame to frame as though a rhyme scheme had been used quite frivolously. There is also a great deal of imagery. A good amount of emphasis is placed upon the hands, the lifeblood of our interaction with the world, and as the hands are described against the sunlight we can nearly see a picture perfect masterpiece within our minds that helps us along in the story. There is also a well hidden hint at imagery here; "His own hands seemed to him Like wings of butterflies", means quite clearly, that he has most recently undergone a form of metamorphosis. Any child can see similarities between the hands and the wings of a butterfly, but it is taken much further here, and stands for a change that has taken place in his life. "The knots and notches," is more great imagery here, describing the characteristics of his hands (scars, old wounds) that stand for who he has become, and what he takes pride in. And in the end, the one hand does win over the other. "The larger, quieter hand", held by the hand recently injured from work in his Father's factory, holds something more dear and meaningful to him; a memory of a lost childhood perhaps. This all makes for quite a serene mood, an atmosphere of peace and rest, and joy at having discovered oneself again. "And as the bandage was tightened The two men smiled into each other's eyes." Obviously, as can easily be seen now, the two men spoken of are his hands; one of them, the injured, is him now in adulthood, and the other is who he once was, and all he has ever forgotten of himself. If there is an attitude of the poem it is as I have already said, Peace. It gives a sense of relaxation to read the poem, as well as an insight into the similarities between not only ourselves and our former lives, but to each other, as we can all relate to this poem. Hart Crane was a genius, and I see that now.

The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence †English Essay

The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence English Essay Today’s world is set up in a way that makes most people blind to the truths of life. People are too busy living to notice what in reality is going on around them. But does that make them less happy than the people aware to the reality? The conflict between happiness and intelligence is very well illustrated in the book The Sea-Wolf by Jack London. Humphrey Wan Weyden, a gentlemen and a writer, gets into a shipwreck while taking a trip on a ferry-steamer. He is picked up by a sealing schooner, dictated by the strong and brutal captain Wolf Larsen. It turns out that he is a well-read thinker and a philosopher. While both characters are intelligent, Larsen has been exposed to the facts of life, while Humphrey, also known as Hump, lives in world of illusions. Larsen’s philosophies that are revealed in the book, bring out the miseries of being intelligent. It is not possible for one to become as happy as they could have when exposed to the facts of life. Every person’s goal is to be happy, throughout their lives. Many refuse to admit it and maybe think they live for a higher cause. But really, what is the point of living if you will not be happy? The way Wolf Larsen put it, â€Å"delight is the wage for living. Without delight, living is a worthless act. To labor at living and be unpaid is worse than to be dead.† (The Sea-Wolf by Jack London, p.177) Being happy is all we strive for, it is the nectar of life. It is also important to understand this, because otherwise one will live their whole life striving to be â€Å"successful†, subconsciously thinking that money will bring them happiness, and be disappointed. If a person lives to themselves, and at every choice they make, consider if it will make them happier or not, they will make much more rational decisions. Unfortunately it is hard to come to this conclusion about happiness without separating what is real and what is not. The society tells us quite a differ ent thing: If you live for yourself, you are an egotist, and if you live for others, you are Mother Theresa – bullshit. One does what one has to, to be happy. Today’s society is purely an illusion. People live their lives according to what the society tells them to. It is merely a game, in which one plays only a small part in. This is impossible to truly recognize, without understanding the facts of life, the realities, the truths. All a person is, is what he thinks, and what he physically feels. â€Å"Cogito ergo sum,† was the way Renà © Descartes worded it. How can one be sure of anything else but themselves thinking? The universe is indifferent, and that is not so hard to prove, anybody that believes otherwise has convinced themselves of just another illusion. After accepting the realities, one can not resume to the life of illusions. When once a person was made happy by making money or being with their loved ones, their reason now tells them that it is quite meaningless. Mind dictates the feelings more than the feelings dictate the mind. One can never extract as much joy out of intelligence, as they could out of feelings. â€Å"He who delights the most lives the most, and your dreams and unrealities are less disturbing to you and more gratifying than are my facts to me.† (London, p.177) It is upsetting how the human mind works. Search for the knowledge only reveals that one is better off without it. Although one has to admit, it pays off a little bit in a certain superiority it gives the person, above all dreamers. The human mind is always under question by those who have enough intellect to question it. But to address the question if it makes one happier, the answer is a big NO. It is much more rewarding to just play along with the game, for the emotions gained, good or bad, are a thousand times more satisfying. And when realizing this, all that is left is a thought well expressed by Wolf Larsen: â€Å"I envy you, I envy you.† (London, .178) Research Papers on The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence - English EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric AndersonComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on Children

Enzyme Amylase Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enzyme Amylase - Lab Report Example An enzyme is a protein-based catalyst that raises the reaction rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for that reaction. It is not used up in the process. It is hypothesized that the enzyme activity changes when various parameters such as temperature, pH and the concentration of the enzyme are changed. Materials: The materials used were: 400 mL beakers, thermometers, hot plate, ice, 1% starch solution, 2 grams of soluble starch, iodine in dropper bottles, buffer solutions with pH levels of 4, 7 and 10, well (spot) plate labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4, saliva (amylase) solution, test tube rack, test tubes, droppers, a 10 mL graduated cylinder and water squirters. Method: a) Reference color A few drops of 1% starch solution were placed on a spot plate. One drop of iodine was added to the spot. The color that formed was taken to be the reference color. b) Effect of concentration. A 400 mL beaker was half-filled with water and then warmed to 37?C. The temperature was kept con stant at 37?C. Saliva was collected in a disposable tube. 4 mL of 1% starch solution was placed in a test tube. This tube was placed in the water bath for five minutes. In spot plate 1, no spit was added, in plate 2, one drop of saliva was added, in plate 3, three drops of saliva were added and in plate 4, five drops of saliva were added. Eight drops of 1% starch solution were then added to each well plate. ... The plate was then rinsed with water and the test repeated twice after intervals of 5 and 10 minutes. After each test, the observations made were recorded. A graph of the enzyme activity against the amount of amylase at 10 minutes was then plotted. c) Effect of temperature. 1 mL of 1% starch solution was placed in two test tubes. One of these tubes was placed in a water bath with boiling water and the other in an ice bath. 1 mL of the 1% starch solution used in method a) above was placed in a test tube. This test tube was then placed in a water bath with a temperature of 37?C. The three tubes were left in the baths for 10 minutes. The temperatures of the baths were then recorded. Two drops of saliva were placed in 3 well plates and then one drop of iodine added to each plate. Four drops of the 1% starch solution in the test tube contained in the ice bath were added to one spot, another four drops of the starch solution in the test tube contained in the water bath at 37?C were added t o the second spot, and finally four drops of the starch solution in the test tube contained in the water bath with boiling water were added to the third spot. The observations made were recorded and a graph of enzyme activity against temperature plotted. d) Effect of pH 2 mL of each of the three buffer solutions (with pH levels of 4, 7 and 10) was placed in separate test tubes. 2 mL of 1% starch solution was then placed in three other test tubes. All the test tubes were then placed in a water bath with a temperature of 37?C for five minutes. The three 1% starch solutions were then poured into three buffer solutions and then mixed thoroughly. The test tubes with the mixtures were then returned to the water bath. Three drops of spit were placed in three spot plates. Using clean droppers,

Service Journals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Service Journals - Assignment Example In 2012, the company was listed 3rd by Forbes among 10 world’s most innovative companies. This is an indication of good quality services, which is an aspect associated with innovativeness. The rating also reflects consumer satisfaction as it is based on customer feedback data among other parameters. Barnes & Noble Inc. is the major competitor with 1,300 book stores in the US and also sells products online. However, I did not choose the company because the company experienced losses recently in its digital business, which does not give a customer the desired motivation and confidence to engage in Barnes & Noble’s online business (hoovers.com). I expected to download the journals in my computer immediately after making the payment. I also expected to get the correct copies as I had ordered without any missing pages. There was a 25% discount for every third item purchased by the same customer and therefore I anticipated the discount on three journals. Overall, I expected the best service due to the fact that I was purchasing 10 items at once. 4a) Look at the advertisements and web pages (all promotions you can find) for this service. Describe them. Are they targeting the correct markets? How do these ads and promotions impact your expectations for the service? Do they overpromise? How would you change them? (make recommendations—don’t say â€Å"I’d leave them the same†) Amazon.com advertises products in a strategic manner that attracts customers’ attention. For every journal, there was a review of the contents and a background of the authors. This information was helpful in making a purchase decision since it highlighted what to expect and therefore I carefully chose those with the required information thereby avoiding unnecessary costs. The advertisements are targeted at a variety of market segments. Customers visiting the company’s website have the freedom to

Women and the Peace Movement in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Women and the Peace Movement in Britain - Essay Example The essay "Women and the Peace Movement in Britain" analyzes the reasons why women did not make an individual contribution to British peace activist until the late 20th century.Though women have been quite instrumental in bringing the changes that led to movements for peace not just in Britain but across the world in the 20th century. The major reform that the Brits had achieved was the abolition of slavery in all the British colonies in the year 1833. This reform was particularly supported by the Christian women who had resolved to aid the movement by boycotting the usage of sugar which was the main export from the slave countries as they believed in the Christian philosophy of equality to all humans. This movement was the result of a long effort by William Wilberforce and Brougham along with their accomplices and Christian women in Britain and America as well. It is important to note that this movement to enforce the reform to end slavery in the world, particularly the British colo nies, had saved over a half a million African slaves. Another development was in the war front which has been quite active because of some major forces like Britain, Russia, France, Germany and almost all other countries of the world. War was on the verge of becoming the concept for social, political and economic strength for almost all of the countries of the world. Different countries and their respective allies had been taking to war increasingly and aggressively thereby changing the social and political scenarios in the world. and thus impacting the economic scenario the most which is the major factor effecting the people, their thinking and their life standards. By the mid - nineteenth century, political reforms had gained much momentum and some of them saw the light of the day after long periods and these reforms had been instrumental in giving the women some freedom from their earlier days of suppression. But still the conditions and the freedom of women was far from being si gnificant [1]. Not all women had been emancipated and the few who were enjoying freedom from the oppressive laws were miniscule even when the 'Custody of Children' bill had been passed in 1839 with much efforts by a much influential Caroline Norton and the then Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne. This bill gave the rights to custody of the child below seven years and permission to see the older ones' above seven to the mother

Performance of any construction project

Performance of any construction project Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Introduction: The delivery of any project is considered successful, when it achieves its predetermined goals and objectives. The performance of any construction project is measured or benchmarked by three aspects i.e. time, cost and quality. Any variations to these three aspects may lead to the failure of the project. Cost of the project, its duration and the value achieved from the project is an important issue, particularly for public funded projects. As these types of projects are sponsored by tax payers, hence it becomes necessary to provide better value for their money in terms of services or facilities. Increased duration means the tax payers and the overall economy of the country have to wait for facilities such as infrastructure and services. This will make hurdle for the progress of economy of that country. The simplest definition of the cost overrun in the construction project is an overrun which occurred rather than presumed cost. The researchers findings suggest that most of the public funded projects across the globe suffered from the phenomenon of cost overrun. The study of Flybjerg et al (2002, 2003 and 2004) had covered 23 countries across five continents and found as infrastructure projects often suffer from the cost overruns. For the successful delivery of the project without any cost overrun, it is necessary to investigate the various causes of cost overrun and as per various causes, preventive measures are to be implemented to avoid cost overrun. There is an internal relationship between the type of the project i.e. size and purpose of project, type of risks involved in the projects and the phenomenon of cost overrun. Most of the mega projects are more susceptible for the cause of cost overrun due to various reasons such as, longer duration, variety of risks involved and influence of stake holders. Every cost escalated project has unique causes of cost overrun particular to that project, which mostly depends upon the location of the project, culture of construction industry at that location and type of project etc. Various researchers have found out the cause of cost overrun particular to their case studies. These causes of cost overrun are further subcategorised as technical causes and non technical causes. Majority of technical causes found are inaccurate cost estimates, poor project management and improper risk management. Even though there are various causes of cost overrun for different projects, same measures can be implemented for any projects to take care of cost overrun. Though there are various case studies for successful projects and unsuccessful projects in aspects of cost overrun, the case study of construction of terminal 5, Heathrow is explained here as it is one of the successful project delivery without any cost overrun due to various measures and innovative strategies adopted by BAA during the project management. The case of Wembley stadium is considered for finding the causes of cost overrun as a failure project, which led the contractor to the huge amount of loss of profit. Cost overrun has various impacts in a construction industry such as prolonged duration of projects, budget shortfall, supplementary agreements, loss of reputation for client, contractors and consultants and adversarial relationship among the stake holder due to failure of the project. As said above, most of the public funded projects were suffered from the cost overrun. It is necessary to attain the effective measures for cost overrun for the successful completion of the projects, which will be helpful for the socio-economic progress of that country. 1.2 Purpose: Every country across the globe it may be developed or developing, is trying to make life of the citizens easier by providing or enhancing the infrastructural facilities. History shows that most of the infrastructural projects are prone to cost overrun with effect of delays or suspension of the projects, leading to deceleration in achieving infrastructural facilities for the tax payers or that country. In order to realise every nations development dream and to leap towards the respective aspiration, every professional of construction industry will have to opt for successful project delivery without any cost overrun, sticking to time constrain and with optimum quality. This fact gives the much needed motivation for the research. 1.3 Aim: The aim of the research is to investigate the major causes of cost overrun in construction projects and measures to avoid cost overrun. 1.4 Objectives: To build clear understanding of the causes and measures for the phenomenon of cost overrun. To study some practical evidences to compare causes found for failure project and measures taken for successful project. Analyse the information obtained from study (literature review and case studies) and provide results to facilitate further recommendation and suggestions for avoidance of cost overrun. 1.5 Research questions: What are the major causes of cost overrun? What are the various measures to avoid cost overrun? 1.6 Breakdown of the dissertation: This chapter gives the summery of the various contents which were covered in the research. For better achievement of aims of research every topic will be covered in the chapters, following are the introduction of all chapters Chapter 1:- Introduction This chapter covers the preliminary introduction to the topic with purpose of study, aim, objectives, research questions and breakdown of the dissertation. Chapter 2:- Review methodology This chapter explains about the methodology followed to execute the study with explanation about research strategy, literature review, case study, research design, methods of data collection etc. Chapter 3:- Literature review This chapter covers the literature review with description about cost overrun, megaprojects, causes and measures for the cost overrun. Chapter 4:- Case study This chapter gives the evidence of real life case studies, to get better idea of causes for failure and measures for success of project. Case study of terminal 5, Heathrow is studied to understand successful delivery and case study of Wembley stadium is considered for causes of failure of project. Chapter 5:- Finding and analysis This chapter covers the knowledge gained from the studies and analysis in the form of future recommendation to avoid the cost overrun in construction projects. Chapter 6:- Conclusion This chapter covers the introduction for conclusion, objectives and their attainment, limitation and strength of the study, which will be benefited from the study and the future recommendations. Chapter 2: Review Methodologies 2.1 Introduction Sekaran (1992) defined research as an organized, systematic, data based, critical, scientific inquiry, or investigation into specific problem, undertaken with the objective of finding answers or solution to it. This chapter explains the methodology and the techniques, which were used for achieving the objectives explored in the Chapter 1. For doing so it will first discuss about the research design process, theoretical and practical explanation about selecting structured literature review and case study approach. It also elaborates about the actual design of the case study and details surroundings the selection of the case study. These detailed explanations involve the formation of questionnaire about the case study, overview of case study and discussion of the related issues. After this the section describes about the data collection methodology which was utilized in this investigation. 2.2 Research strategy A Research strategy is a plan containing the ways of finding out the answers of the research questions. For framing the research strategy it is necessary to define the objectives of the research and accordingly the research strategy can be developed. Flyvbjerg (2006) and Bell (2005) explained about the strategy, study and the situations. Accordingly, the problems under study and the situation will decide the strategy. Also the approach of information collection does not depend on one method. Methods are opted for feeding required data to produce complete piece of research. Various methods are used to examine a subject which eventually increases the validity of the theory. Yin (2003) had elaborated five different strategies, which will support the research, accordingly, Experiments: Experiment will be helpful when there will be degree of control over the iterative trials and researcher is focused on current events. This will help to find out the conclusions by interrelating the cause and the effects of the variables in the research, which can be achieved by manipulating and control of external factors. Survey: A survey is a structured questionery which is to be questioned to the people. This will be the alternative for the experiments when there is no need of the control over circumstances of the event. The quality of the data by this method is lower than the other methods because the behaviour or approach of the person facing the questionery will affect the survey result. Case study: It involves thorough observations of few individuals. Data collection may involve inspecting the events, interviews and finding records. Archival analysis: It involves the thorough analysis of collected documents, archives, which may be journals, books, web pages etc. Here archival analysis is considered literature review. History: History is similar as archival analysis as it does not require control over the response of the events, only difference is as archival analysis focuses on the current events while history does not. History is practical when there is no control over the behaviour events and investigator does not focus on contemporary events. From the various methods stated above the author has considered case study and literature review as the potential methods for the research under study. Specifically case studies of construction of Terminal 5, Heathrow and construction of Wembley stadium have been adopted for the proper understanding of the topic.By adopting the recommendations and similar conditions in context to the research, the study under view plans to follow broad range of methods such as qualitative and some elements of quantitative techniques. To accomplish this research project, both case study and literature review approaches will be used. There are various reasons apart from as stated above for the adopting literature review and case study approach. One of the reasons will be the problem of biased selectivity in reviewing the literature and bias in reporting which reflects authors bias. In addition to that, there may be difficulty of generalization of data on the basis of individual cases as interpreted by Flyvbjerg (2006).However the combination of the data from the literature review in context with case studies and further analysis will greatly improve the quality of this research and with anticipation, will not produce any barriers at the analysis and interpretation stage. 2.3 Literature Review Bouner (1996) explained about the various reasons for giving time and efforts for the literature review before approaching towards the research project. Accordingly To identify gaps in the literature To avoid reinventing the wheel To carry on from where others have already reached To increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area To identify seminal works in your area To identify opposing views To put your work in to perspective To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project To identify methods that could be relevant to your project On the basis of the above reasons literature review can be defined as a survey of the scholarly articles, relevant books and other academic sources (Dissertation, conference proceedings) in context with the research subject, providing details, critical analysis and summery. Literature review can be done by adopting various steps one by one as Define the topic Compile a list keywords Identify resources Search results Screening results Organize findings Data extraction and Reporting. 2.4 Case study Feagin et al (1991) defined case study as an ideal methodology when a holistic, in-depth investigation is needed. Yin (2003) explained about the case study as when the phenomenon under study is not readily distinguishable from its context. According to Flyvbjerg (2006) case study is beneficial in view of developing and analyzing the hypothesis but not limited to these research activities alone. He elaborated the case study as a perfect choice for achieving the greatest possible amount of information on a given problem or phenomenon. Yin (2003) recommended about the data collection for the formation of the case study, accordingly data obtained from the multiple resources, approaches will add value and strengthen the case study. Yin (2003) identified six sources of case study evidences namely documentation, archival record, interviews, direct observations, participating observations, and physical artefacts. Due to certain limitations including time and lack of funds, this research will make use of only documentation and archived materials. Data from the two separate case studies was collected to get near to the aim of the research and trying to find literal replication to support the findings of the research. The propositions directed and shaped the collection and analysis of data in each case study. Yin (1994) given recommendation to be followed for methodology for a case study which has four stages; Design the case study protocol: determine the required skill develop and review the protocol. Conduct the case study; prepare for data collection distribute questionery conduct interview Analyze case study evidences: analytic strategy Develop conclusion, recommendations, and implications based on the evidence. Yin (1994) intimated that case study designs are not variants of other research design he proposed five components of case studies: A studys questions, Its propositions, if any, Its unit(s) of analysis The logic linking the data to the propositions, and The criteria for interpreting the findings (Yin, 1994, p.20). The stage of analysis is a critical factor in case study because it is a system of action rather than individuals or group of individuals. Case studies will be isolating, focusing on one or two issues which will be helpful to understand the system being examined. Multiple case studies will adopt the logic of replication. Each individual case study consists of a whole study, in which facts are gathered from various sources and conclusions drawn on those facts. The topic of cost overrun is vast because to understand or to investigate the various causes of cost overrun it is necessary to go thoroughly to the every phase of the project, right from its inception to completion stage. Hence the time available to write dissertation on such huge and vast topic is limited, so instead of writing two much case studies, emphasize is given on two case studies such as successful project as a project T5 and failure project as a Wembley stadium. Why case study of project T5 and Wembley national stadi um? The answer is, Terminal 5 project considered here to understand the successful project delivery without any cost overrun and the Wembley stadium is considered for finding and comparing the causes of failure of project. 2.5 Research Design A deliberately planned arrangement of conditions for analysis and collection of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy of procedure (Cook et al 1981).The purpose of the research design is to map the process of research, i.e. research design is used to frame the research, by mapping all the major parts, components, and activities involved to achieve the objectives involved in research project. Various parts and components of the research are samples or groups, measures and activities such as methods of assignment are to be addressed to central research questions. Before planning research design the very first step is identification of the research objectives and then the research questions are then asked and accordingly strategies are to be identified. While fixing the strategy about research design, researcher needs to overlook and decide about the usage of viable and accessible source of information with the help of currently available t ools and methods. The data should be collected in view to get assist to the identified problems or reveal some unknown aspects of the research problems. As research strategy is decided by focusing on aims and objectives of the research, all the data collected should be eventually related within the scope of the research. Efficient collection of data requires through understanding and clear definition of the problem and opportunities surrounding the research subject. (See Figure No 2.1) 2.6 Methods of Data collection Various sources of data which were used for data collection is below Databases Emerald Science direct Scopus Wiley interscience Google scholar e-Library, University of Salford EBSCO host Scirus.com Informaworld RICS BAA OGC NAO Wembleystadium.com Other potential sources of information are textbooks, journals available at library, University of Salford. 2.7 Limitations While searching the appropriate article for collection of the data, it is observed that the same article is appeared in most of the resources. As research aim is in context with the overall construction projects, most of the articles found based on public projects and it is difficult to find the article for private projects. Also it is observed that there are very less articles purely on the topic of cost overrun, most of the articles combined cost overrun and time overrun. 2.8 Summary The research methodology is explained here as a process by which the aims and the objectives of the research have been achieved. For finding out and going near to the answers of the research question is achieved by following the research strategy, which includes adoption of the literature review and case studies with justification adoption of case studies for the particular research. Finally the research design described about the collection, segregation and extraction of data from the authentic sources. Chapter 3: Literature review. A construction project is a unique undertaking for essentially a single purpose which is defined by scope, quality, time, and the cost objectives. The cost and the quality objectives are met by the use of limited resources (Ahuja et al 1994). One of the clients main requirements in respect of any construction project is the assessment of its expected cost (Ashworth, 2004).The importance of cost control as explained by Ashworth (2004) is to limit the clients expenditure within the amount agreed, to achieve a balanced design expenditure between various elements of buildings and to provide the client with a value-for-money project. The value-for-money may be the satisfaction achieved by client in sense of optimum quality and in time possession of the project. For any construction project which may be small or large, the first initiative is to prepare the cost estimates. After this stage the cost control measures are to be implemented during the project life cycle to limit the client expenditure within the amount agreed. This will be the theoretical explanation which seems easier rather than the implementation of the various measures because, the various factors such as forces of inflation, economic uncertainties and the erro r prone human input are influencing during the project lifecycle. In construction industry, there are very rare projects which are completed as per the estimated cost and on scheduled time. The projects which are completed on its estimated cost are exception rather than the norm. As said above the construction project has to go through the many phases during the project life cycle. By the transformation along with the duration it will affected by the various factors such as geological conditions, weather and many other parameters which will be unknown during the planning stage of the project. Accordingly the variation in prices, quantities and many other parameters like that prevent accurate cost estimates. Also as the project progresses towards its completion lots of new things will be propping up which eventually change the estimated cost of the project. World recession has generally produced a shortage of funds for capital purposes and construction in general. This has been coupl ed with high inflation and interest charges, resulting in the costs of construction soaring to high level. (Ashworth, 2000) 3.1 Type of project, risk, cost: Kerzener (2006) explained the rules and the guidelines about the execution of the large construction projects. According to that, such projects involves vast number of people often for short or intense period of time and continuous organizational restructuring may be necessary as each stage of the project goes through the different life cycle phase where the matrix and project organization form may be used interchangeably. As stated above every project must satisfy the aim of the client by proper utilisation of the time and resources. For successful completion of such projects the contractor and his organization should be prepared with all the required qualities. There may be various factors within the organization which are found to be critical in concern with the success of the project such as training in the project management, rules and procedures clearly defined, communication at all levels, quality front end planning etc. Kerzener (2006) explained about the behaviour or approac h of the some of the companies and the mega projects. According to this, many companies dream about winning the mega projects rather than recognizing their own capacity such as, lack of availability of on site and skilled workers, lack of properly trained supervisor staff and last but not least, unavailability of raw materials. As a result of such problems, company immediately assigns its employees who may have experience of such project or they may be new to such projects, who eventually face working stress from the execution of the project consequently reducing their efficiency. Such situation will create confusion and delay for the project execution which results in increase the completion cost of the project. Mega projects are not always as glorious as people think they are .Organizational stability, accompanied by moderate growth rate, and may be more important than the quantum steps to the megaprojects. In short megaprojects should be left to those companies that have the faci lities, expertise, resources, and management know-how to handle the situation (Kerzener 2006). Flyvbjerg (2005) explained about the characteristics of the large infrastructural projects as Such projects are inherently risky due to long planning horizon and complex interfaces Technology is often not standard Decision making and planning are multi actor processes with conflicting interest Often the project scope or ambition level will change significantly over time Statistical evidences shows that such unplanned events are often unaccounted for leaving budget contingencies sorely inadequate As a consequence, inappropriate information about costs, benefits, and risk is the norm The result is cost overrun and/or benefit shortfalls with majority of projects. Every construction project differs from the various types of risks such as social/institutional, technical and market related risk. International Program in the Management of Engineering and Construction (IPMEC) has conducted a study about the various types of the risks with the project. Miller et al (2008) have given examples of a various type of the projects such as, oil platform are technically difficult, but typically they face few institutional risks because they are built out of focus of the public attention. Hydro electric power project are tedious in concern with engineering but very difficult in view of social acceptability. Nuclear power projects have all technical, social and institutional risks. A road and tunnel project present high level of technical risk as rock information usually hides big surprises which may eventually affect the cost and length of the project. Here author has explained about the various types of the projects and risks related with that project. The se risk factors are the major catalyst for the causes of the cost overrun and time overrun during the project which eventually drags project towards the failure. Miler et al (2008) explained about the one of the aspects of the risk which he calls as the Turbulence. This is not the type of the risk which occurs in the construction project but it is observed in many of the construction engineering projects. Turbulence refers to the way that consequences of events are compounded in unforeseen ways, even if the initial event lies within the range of possibilities that was known in advance, but often more seriously in the case of events that are truly surprises (Miler et al 2008).In the face of such difficulties the project may get stuck, the parties which are working for the project may leave the project hence again there may be the possibilities to restart the project which may take re-approval of procedure and renegotiation to complete the project. This eventually creates delay and cost overrun in the project. Thus here we can find that the type of project, size of the project, and risks involved with the projects are interrelated with the possibility of the overrun of the cost of the project. 3.2 Cost overrun: Arditi et al (1985) conducted a survey to investigate the causes of the cost overrun in Turkey. For his study he considered the various government projects between the periods of 1970-1980. According to him various causes such as Increase in material cost and wages Inflation burden Shortage of materials and variation in the price index of the material cost, and lastly most important Delay in construction and errors in the initial estimates are the major causes of the cost estimates. As per Arditi et al (1985) the effect of the cost overrun is not only limited up to the construction industry of the turkey but also it had shown its effects to the economy of the that country. Author also stated about the worst situation of the project delays. According to him many of the time situations may arise that many of the completed activities such as casting, fabricating, exterior works of the projects get worn out during lag period and it has to be reinstated after re-approval and restart. Here author tried to explain about extra expenditure which will be spent for the reinstatement of the damaged work due to the project delay which automatically adds up a cost for the project. Author has found occurrence of cost overrun in various stages of the project such as preconstruction and construction phase. Author has not suggested any recommendations for avoiding the cost and time overrun for the projects. Only thing the author has made comment about is the practice of the publ ic agencies regarding their estimating and the payment practices. It shows that there are chances for the minimization of the cost by adopting proper and correct estimation technique and payment procedures. Various studies have been observed in the Nigerian construction industry. Dlakwa and Culpin (1990) conducted survey to investigate the various causes of cost and time overrun for the various projects during the third quarter of 1988. Dlakwa and Culpin (1990) has considered only the construction phase particularly near to completion time of the project for finding and identifying the various reasons for the cost overrun. The author here explained about the significance of completion stage, as there is maximum amount of money of the clients is invested at the completion stage as compared to conception stage of the project. Author has interpreted survey results, according to which there are five major causes for the cost overrun, Fluctuation in labour, material and plant cost Construction delay Inadequate preplanning Deficiencies in the initial estimates Unforeseeable circumstances. Author has recommended about the relationship, trust among the various stake holders such as agencies, contractors and consultants which were involved in the public project, for that reason he suggested various factors such as disagreement on the contract clauses and specifications and enforceable circumstances has to be given prime importance to avoid cost overrun. Mansfield et al (1994) carried out survey for the recently completed highway projects during 1992. The author here explained about the construction industry of one of the developing country and impact of construction industry on the economic growth of the country. Author insisted about the cost effectiveness within the project planning and project management for the development of the economy of the particular country. Author has explained about the current practices of the contracts which were used in the Nigeria. Hence it is observed as even though there are various forms of the contracts are used by public clients, the greater emphasis was given on the fixed-priced contract. Author conducted survey among 50 construction professionals ranging from contractor, consultant and client organization. According to his survey cost overrun attributed to finance and payment arrangements, poor contract management, material shortage, inaccurate estimating and overall price fluctuations in deve loping countries. The lack of proper phasing of construction project

Jamaica Kincaids essay On Seeing England for the first Time

Jamaica Kincaid's essay On Seeing England for the first Time "It's shit being Scottish! We're the scum of the fucking earth! Some people hate the English. I don't. They're just wankers. We're the ones what were colonised by wankers. We couldn't even pick a decent bunch of people to be colonised by." -Irvine Welsh, Trainspotting The cultural ties to empire are not so easy to efface as the political ones. This is perhaps one of the most important lessons the world has learned from the mass movement towards independence on the part of European colonies in the past half-century. Even we Americans, more than two hundred years after having rejected the British monarchy and all it stands for, are forever poking our noses in the supermarket tabloids to find out what crisis either Diana or Fergie is embroiled in this week. Have we progressed so little? Don't we owe it to ourselves to pay our own culture the tribute which is its due? This is one of the many questions that Jamaica Kincaid's essay, "On Seeing England for the first Time," raises. Being a "colonial" herself, she is forever being forced to question where her cultural loyalty should lie. Is she first and foremost an Englishwoman? An African? An Antiguan? Kincaid's essay is an attempt to come to terms with her own identity by exploring the influence of a colonial culture on her daily life as a child as well as on her education. She inundates the reader with "English images," just as she was once inundated with them as a schoolgirl. We sicken of the surfeit of imagery just as she must have when every waking moment, an image of England somehow wormed its way into her consciousness. "Made in England . . . those three words . . . ran through every part of my life, no... ...e United States for some years, she has maintained her Antiguan citizenship. Her writings, including "On Seeing England for the First Time," are all examinations of her own past and her cultural identity. Even though she has left her island home, she is actively engaged in a struggle to achieve a synthesis of what is English and what is African in her origins. Through her writings, Kincaid attempts to assert her present self-an Antiguan woman-and all that her present self signifies. Perhaps such a synthesis-or even just the struggle for it-is the best that any of us can hope for. Works Cited Gordimer, Nadine. "Where Do Whites Fit In?" Hoy and DiYanni. 292-298. Hoy, Pat C. II and Robert DiYanni, eds. Encounters: Readings and the World. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. Kincaid, Jamaica. "On Seeing England for the First Time." Hoy and DiYanni. 351-360. Jamaica Kincaid's essay On Seeing England for the first Time Jamaica Kincaid's essay On Seeing England for the first Time "It's shit being Scottish! We're the scum of the fucking earth! Some people hate the English. I don't. They're just wankers. We're the ones what were colonised by wankers. We couldn't even pick a decent bunch of people to be colonised by." -Irvine Welsh, Trainspotting The cultural ties to empire are not so easy to efface as the political ones. This is perhaps one of the most important lessons the world has learned from the mass movement towards independence on the part of European colonies in the past half-century. Even we Americans, more than two hundred years after having rejected the British monarchy and all it stands for, are forever poking our noses in the supermarket tabloids to find out what crisis either Diana or Fergie is embroiled in this week. Have we progressed so little? Don't we owe it to ourselves to pay our own culture the tribute which is its due? This is one of the many questions that Jamaica Kincaid's essay, "On Seeing England for the first Time," raises. Being a "colonial" herself, she is forever being forced to question where her cultural loyalty should lie. Is she first and foremost an Englishwoman? An African? An Antiguan? Kincaid's essay is an attempt to come to terms with her own identity by exploring the influence of a colonial culture on her daily life as a child as well as on her education. She inundates the reader with "English images," just as she was once inundated with them as a schoolgirl. We sicken of the surfeit of imagery just as she must have when every waking moment, an image of England somehow wormed its way into her consciousness. "Made in England . . . those three words . . . ran through every part of my life, no... ...e United States for some years, she has maintained her Antiguan citizenship. Her writings, including "On Seeing England for the First Time," are all examinations of her own past and her cultural identity. Even though she has left her island home, she is actively engaged in a struggle to achieve a synthesis of what is English and what is African in her origins. Through her writings, Kincaid attempts to assert her present self-an Antiguan woman-and all that her present self signifies. Perhaps such a synthesis-or even just the struggle for it-is the best that any of us can hope for. Works Cited Gordimer, Nadine. "Where Do Whites Fit In?" Hoy and DiYanni. 292-298. Hoy, Pat C. II and Robert DiYanni, eds. Encounters: Readings and the World. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. Kincaid, Jamaica. "On Seeing England for the First Time." Hoy and DiYanni. 351-360.

Primary research on motivation

Motivation Course: ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Faculty: Batch: 2013-2016 Class: Table OF Content: Table OF CONTENT:S.NoSubjectPg. No.1.Student Declaration32.Introduction43.Questionnaire5-74.Analysis7-145.Decision15. Student DECLARATION We hereby declare that all the members in our group were present during the interview with Mr. Deepak Gupta, Director of Thoro Packaging Industries Pvt. Ltd.. All the members have every bit worked together on this undertaking titled ‘Motivation’ . Each of us had been assigned a portion of the entire undertaking and have contributed moderately to the completion of this undertaking. The questionnaire prepared by us consists of inquiries that have jointly been contributed by the members of our group. On the completion of this undertaking, we had acquired valuable cognition and information pertaining to the motivational facet in the working of a private endeavor and the psychological orientation of its employees. Introduction Motivationis amental characteristic that inspires an being to work on the desiredgoaland controls his behavior harmonizing to the demands. For illustration, Grades is a factor motive that allows us to analyze and work harder. It is an external or internal force which compels us to execute an action to accomplish a coveted end. Motivation helps the human to minimise physical hurting and maximise pleasance and helps us derive assurance so that we can accomplish our end. QUESTIONNARIE:I believe that the work that I do contributes to the ends of the organisation and makes a difference.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI readily take part voluntarily in meetings, treatments, arguments and supply suggestions that help better our work.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverMy leader understands my strengths, endowments and abilities, and ensures that I get to use them on a regular footing.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverMy work is positively disputing. It stretches my abilities and possible, without coercing me into emphasis.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI believe that there is good cultural coherence between me and the organisation.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverThere are equal chances for betterment and overall development in the organisation.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI do non experience hesitating about showing my sentiments, ideas and positions, irrespective of whether they are for or against an idea/proposition.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI consider myself appreciated and valued by the organisation.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverMy sentiments are encouraged, sought out, listened to and enacted upon.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverUnder-performance is analyzed, identified and rectified rapidly and efficaciously by the organisation.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverConflicts within the organisation are dealt with rapidly, efficaciously and in an just and indifferent mode.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverMy leader and I reciprocally decide upon marks on a regular footing, and I am clear about my personal ends that will assist me and the organisation become successful.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI believe that mypersonalends are just and ambitious every bit good as accomplishable and that I have a good opportunity of accomplishing them.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI am good informed, clear and convinced about our squad ends in the organisation.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI am an of import and portion of my squad contributing towards the accomplishment of the ends of the squad and organisation at big. AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI believe that oursquadends are just and ambitious every bit good as accomplishable and that I have a good opportunity of accomplishing them.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverMy squad places more importance on happening solutions and bettering public presentation, instead than interpersonal struggles, political relations, and unhealthy competition.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverThere is a sensible grade of trust between the direction and work force, and the higher-ups and subsidiaries of the organisation.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverI personally like working in the organisation and bask my work and the work environment.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverMy wage, fringe benefits and fringe benefits are sensible, just and equal.AlwaysSometimesRarelyNeverAnalysis 1.I believe that the work that I do contributes to the ends of the organisation and makes a difference 2.I readily take part voluntarily in meetings, treatments, arguments and supply suggestions that help better our work. 3.My leader understands my strengths, endowments and abilities, and ensures that I get to use them on a regular footing. 4.My work is positively disputing. It stretches my abilities and possible, without coercing me into emphasis. 5.I believe that there is good cultural coherence between me and the organisation. 6.There are equal chances for betterment and overall development in the organisation. 7.I do non experience hesitating about showing my sentiments, ideas and positions, irrespective of whether they are for or against an idea/proposition. 8.I consider myself appreciated and valued by the organisation 9.My sentiments are encouraged, sought out, listened to and enacted upon. 10.Under-performance is analyzed, identified and rectified rapidly and efficaciously by the organisation. 11. Conflicts within the organisation are dealt with rapidly, efficaciously and in an just and indifferent mode. 12.My leader and I reciprocally decide upon marks on a regular footing, and I am clear about my personal ends that will assist me and the organisation become successful. 13.I believe that mypersonalends are just and ambitious every bit good as accomplishable and that I have a good opportunity of accomplishing them 14.I am good informed, clear and convinced about our squad ends in the organisation 15.I am an of import and portion of my squad contributing towards the accomplishment of the ends of the squad and organisation at big. 16.I believe that oursquadends are just and ambitious every bit good as accomplishable and that I have a good opportunity of accomplishing them 17.My squad places more importance on happening solutions and bettering public presentation, instead than interpersonal struggles, political relations, and unhealthy competition. 18.There is a sensible grade of trust between the direction and work force, and the higher-ups and subsidiaries of the organisation. 19.I personally like working in the organisation and bask my work and the work environment. 20.My wage, fringe benefits and fringe benefits are sensible, just and equal. Decision This undertaking was really exciting for all in our group as we got to larn a batch about motive through a field trip to a private endeavor. We were able to derive a valuable penetration into the heads of the employees and their psychological feelings with regard to how motivated they felt within the administration. We ascertained the important function that motive dramas in any organisation, be it a private or a public endeavor. This is because motive is permeant in nature. We would wish to thank our Organisational Behaviour professor, Dr. Olive Nerulkar, for supplying us with an chance to larn about motive on the field through a questionnaire study of an organisation’s employees. pg. 1

Major General Henry Knox in the American Revolution

Major General Henry Knox in the American Revolution A key figure in the American Revolution, Henry Knox was born in Boston on July 25, 1750. He was the seventh child  of  William and Mary Knox, who had 10 children in total. When Henry was only 9 years old, his merchant captain father passed away after experiencing financial ruin. After only three years at the Boston Latin School, where Henry studied a mix of languages, history, and mathematics, the young Knox was forced to leave in order to support his mother and younger siblings. Fast Facts: Henry Knox Known For: Knox helped lead the Continental Army during the American Revolution and later served as the U.S. Secretary of War.Born: July 25, 1750 in Boston, British AmericaParents: William and Mary KnoxDied: October 25, 1806 in Thomaston, MassachusettsEducation: Boston Latin SchoolSpouse: Lucy Flucker (m. 1774–1806)Children: 13 Early Life Knox apprenticed himself to a local bookbinder named Nicholas Bowes, who helped Knox learn the trade and encouraged his reading. Bowes permitted Knox to liberally borrow from the stores inventory, and in this manner Knox became proficient in French and effectively completed his education on his own. He remained an avid reader, eventually opening his own shop, the London Book Store, at the age of 21. Knox was especially fascinated by military topics, including artillery, and he read widely on the subject. March 5th, 1770: British soldiers open fire on a crowd of Bostonians, killing five people, in what became known as the Boston massacre. Hulton Archive  / Stringer/  Getty Images The Revolution Nears A supporter of American colonial rights, Knox became involved in the Sons of Liberty and was present at the Boston Massacre in 1770. He later swore in an  affidavit that he had attempted to calm tensions that night by requesting that the British soldiers return to their quarters. Knox also testified at the trials of those involved in the incident. Two years later, he put his military studies to use by founding a militia unit called the Boston Grenadier Corps. Though he knew much about weaponry, Knox accidentally shot two fingers from his left hand while handling a shotgun in 1773. Marriage On June 16, 1774, Knox married Lucy Flucker, the daughter of the Royal Secretary of the Province of Massachusetts. The marriage was opposed by her parents, who disapproved of Knoxs revolutionary politics and attempted to entice him into joining the British Army. Knox remained a staunch patriot. Following the outbreak of the American Revolution,  he volunteered to serve with colonial forces and participated in the  Battle of Bunker Hill  on June 17, 1775. His in-laws  fled the city after it fell to American forces in 1776. Fort Ticonderoga, New York.   Purestock/Getty Images Guns of Ticonderoga Knox served with Massachusetts forces in the states Army of Observation during the opening days of the Siege of Boston. He soon came to the attention of army commander General George Washington, who was  inspecting fortifications designed by Knox near Roxbury. Washington was impressed, and the two men developed a friendly relationship. As the army desperately needed artillery, the commanding general consulted Knox for advice in November 1775. Knox proposed a plan to transport the cannon captured at Fort Ticonderoga  in New York to the siege lines around Boston. Washington was on board with the plan. After making Knox a colonel in the Continental Army, the general immediately sent him north, as winter was rapidly approaching. At Ticonderoga, Knox initially had difficulty acquiring sufficient men in the lightly populated Berkshire Mountains.  He finally assembled what he dubbed the noble train of artillery. Knox began moving 59 guns and mortars down Lake George and the Hudson River to Albany. It was a difficult trek, and several guns fell through the ice and had to be recovered. In Albany, the guns were transferred to ox-drawn sleds and pulled across Massachusetts. The 300-mile journey took Knox and his men 56 days to complete in the bitter winter weather. In Boston, Washington ordered the guns to be placed atop Dorchester Heights, overlooking the city and harbor. Rather than face bombardment, the British forces, led by General Sir William Howe, evacuated the city on March 17, 1776. New York and Philadelphia Campaigns Following the victory at Boston, Knox was sent to oversee the construction of fortifications in  Rhode Island and Connecticut. When he returned to the Continental Army, he became Washingtons chief of artillery. After the American defeats in New York that fall, Knox retreated across New Jersey with the remaining troops. As Washington devised his daring Christmas attack on Trenton, Knox was given the key role of overseeing the armys crossing of the Delaware River. With the assistance of Colonel John Glover, Knox succeeded in moving the attack force across the river in a timely fashion. He also directed the American withdrawal on December 26. For his service at Trenton, Knox was promoted to brigadier general. In early January, he saw further action at Assunpink Creek and Princeton before the army moved to winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. Taking advantage of this break from campaigning, Knox returned to Massachusetts with the goal of improving weapons production. He traveled to Springfield and established the Springfield Armory, which operated for the rest of the war and became a key producer of American weapons for almost two centuries. After he rejoined the army, Knox took part in the American defeats at Brandywine (September 11, 1777) and Germantown (October 4, 1777). At the latter, he made the ill-fated suggestion to Washington that they should capture the British-occupied home of Germantown resident Benjamin Chew, rather than bypass it. The delay gave the British badly needed time to re-establish their lines, and this contributed to the American loss. Valley Forge to Yorktown During the winter at Valley Forge, Knox helped secure needed supplies and assisted Baron von Steuben in drilling the troops. Later, the army pursued the British, who were evacuating Philadelphia, and fought them at the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778. In the wake of the fighting, the army moved north to take up positions around New York. Over the next two years, Knox was sent north to help obtain supplies for the army and, in 1780, served on the court-martial of British spy Major John Andre. In late 1781, Washington withdrew the majority of the army from New York to attack General Lord Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. Knoxs guns played a key role in the siege that ensued. Following the victory, Knox was promoted to major general and assigned to command American forces at West Point. During this time, he formed the Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal organization consisting of officers who had served in the war. At the wars conclusion in 1783, Knox led his troops into New York City to take possession from the departing British. Later Life On December 23, 1783, following Washingtons resignation, Knox became the senior officer of the Continental Army. He remained so until retiring in June 1784. Knoxs retirement proved short-lived, however, as he was soon appointed Secretary of War by the Continental Congress on March 8, 1785. A staunch supporter of the new Constitution, Knox  remained in his post until becoming Secretary of War as part of George Washingtons first cabinet in 1789. As secretary, he oversaw the creation of a permanent navy, a national militia, and coastal fortifications. Knox served as Secretary of War until January 2, 1795, when he resigned to care for his family and business interests. He died on October 25, 1806, of peritonitis, three days after accidentally swallowing a chicken bone.

Free Essays on Wolfgang Kohler

Gestalt Psychology Today By Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler In this piece Kohler talks about certain schools of psychology (Especially Behaviorism) and other sciences, while talking about the new theories in Gestalt psychology. He begins by talking about the history of Gestalt psychology and mentions how some of the history is generally unknown. He points out how Gestalt psychologists have established certain qualities of the components of sensations. He does this as a precursor to the view that perceptual situations do not solely have independent components. He then begins to describe how interactions are taking place all around us and it is not that important to simply find each independent part of what we perceive, but rather view events as a whole. Kohler mentions many names that have contributed to these theories that are being discussed now. He proposes that the way psychologists have looked at perception and sensation is a bore. The way it should be looked at is that human life is dynamic and we need to look at the bigger picture. Kohler then mentions the American Gestalt psychologists and their interest in physics and how their work helped change the view on some natural sciences. He then goes on about how that should be used as a guiding tool to explore newer theories. A long drawn-out discussion goes on about how we should not be focused only on discoveries of the past, but rather, focus on potential innovative discoveries. In the next part of the essay Kohler talks about the use of the term insight when referring to how a person makes a decision. He uses very helpful examples and illustrations of what he is trying to explain. I found that section to be the most thought provoking of the entire essay. Kohler then begins to discuss current trends in psychology and why he does not approve of them. In specific Kohler does not approve of the use of extreme caution simply because it has become negativism. This, he be... Free Essays on Wolfgang Kohler Free Essays on Wolfgang Kohler Gestalt Psychology Today By Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler In this piece Kohler talks about certain schools of psychology (Especially Behaviorism) and other sciences, while talking about the new theories in Gestalt psychology. He begins by talking about the history of Gestalt psychology and mentions how some of the history is generally unknown. He points out how Gestalt psychologists have established certain qualities of the components of sensations. He does this as a precursor to the view that perceptual situations do not solely have independent components. He then begins to describe how interactions are taking place all around us and it is not that important to simply find each independent part of what we perceive, but rather view events as a whole. Kohler mentions many names that have contributed to these theories that are being discussed now. He proposes that the way psychologists have looked at perception and sensation is a bore. The way it should be looked at is that human life is dynamic and we need to look at the bigger picture. Kohler then mentions the American Gestalt psychologists and their interest in physics and how their work helped change the view on some natural sciences. He then goes on about how that should be used as a guiding tool to explore newer theories. A long drawn-out discussion goes on about how we should not be focused only on discoveries of the past, but rather, focus on potential innovative discoveries. In the next part of the essay Kohler talks about the use of the term insight when referring to how a person makes a decision. He uses very helpful examples and illustrations of what he is trying to explain. I found that section to be the most thought provoking of the entire essay. Kohler then begins to discuss current trends in psychology and why he does not approve of them. In specific Kohler does not approve of the use of extreme caution simply because it has become negativism. This, he be...

Explain the four major cultural dimensions identified by hofsted Research Paper

Explain the four major cultural dimensions identified by hofsted - Research Paper Example The four dimensions will be focused upon with respect to USA and other three countries from Europe, Asia and Latin America. Determining a culture of any given country is essential for any business. International business depends upon cultures of different countries in designing their policies; barriers within these cultures are worked upon in an effort to formulate a harmonized culture. In profiling countries based on Hofstede’s cultural dimension, the research will focus on data and indexes provide for in the Hofstede Centre website. Each country will be profiled based on given scores. The score will be done on three countries. These countries are the USA, Mexico, Japan and Germany. The scores will be used to identify suitable environments for setting up a business. The barriers from the chosen country will be focused upon thus allowing an analysis of these barriers and identifying models that will overcome the barriers. The four countries where identified due to their uniqueness in terms of geographical location, government policies and cultural differences. Recommendations will be made based on the suitable country to set up a business (The Hofstede Centre, 2010). The United States of America has a higher score in individualism compared to other cultural dimensions. Individualism had a score of 91, power distance had a score of 40, and masculinity scored 62 while Uncertainty avoidance scored 46. In the case of Mexico, uncertainty avoidance scored highly compared to other dimensions. Individualism scored lowly compared to the three dimensions (The Hofstede Centre, 2010). The scores for this country where; individualism at 30, masculinity at 69, uncertainty avoidance at 82 while Power distance at 81. Japan on the other hand had a high score on Masculinity at 95 and a lower score of 46 on individualism. Power Distance scored an average score of 54 while Uncertainty had an averagely high score of 92. In Germany,

Analysis of Katharine Brushs Story Birthday Party Essay

Analysis of Katharine Brushs Story Birthday Party - Essay Example The reader doesn’t know anything about him, but using â€Å"self-satisfied† makes the first impression negative. The woman was presented as â€Å"fadingly pretty with big hat†. It’s obvious that the couple is not just married, they are not that young. The fact that she was wearing a big hat does not seem to be important, but at the end of the story, Katherine clarifies that it was her best hat. The surprise she prepared for her husband was quite banal, though the author let us know that it was thoroughly prepared: after the musicians played â€Å"happy birthday† the woman â€Å"beamed with shy pride over her little surprise†. Now it’s clear that she tried her best to please her husband, while his negative reaction to that surprise made her cry. Though we don’t know what exactly he said to his wife, Katharine characterized his words as â€Å"quick and curt and unkind†.Brush used bright adjectives which might seem to be a l ittle bit exaggerative, but that’s exactly what is needed in a short story to emphasize the ideas conveyed.