Funding Of The Bureau Of Investigations Essay - 1261 Words

FUNDING OF THE FEDERABL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONS The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) is an agency that engages in the enforcement of laws at the federal level and is under the department of Justice. (Schlesinger, 2012) There are many challenges that the USA faces in terms of criminal activity that requires a singular approach that cannot be provided by the state departments of police whose jurisdictions are limited to the states they operate in. In this case, there is need for a policing agency that investigates transnational crime including espionage, drug trafficking and terrorism. This is where the agenda of the FBI derives. (Weiner, 2012) This paper endeavors to discuss the source of funding for the FBI and shall go further to assess the activities to which the said funds have been applied. There are many activities that form part of the work of the FBI. However, this analysis shall consider at least three major activities to which these funds are applied. It shall also be the aim of this paper to analyze the possible impact of the withdrawal of such funds. Ultimately, there shall be a discussion of the influence of politics and policy considerations on the funding of the FBI. Source of Funding. The major source of funding for the FBI comes in the form of budgetary allocation of the federal government of the USA. As federal agency under the department of justice, the FBI receives funds from the central government in form of annual allocations on the strength ofShow MoreRelatedCounterterrorism In Cyber Enforcement1376 Words   |  6 Pageswere few and funding was scarce. After 9/11 the amount of counterterror squads tripled across the country and funding amounts grew. The country and the Bureau said â€Å"Never Again† and the Bureau has taken that to heart. Counterterrorism has since that day remained as the top most priority for the Bureau and is reflected in the number of personnel assigned and the internal funds directed to the cause. In addition to counterterrorism, the rapid growth of technology had required the Bureau to expand itsRead MoreThe Importance Of Statistics In Policy Support739 Words   |  3 Pagescrime is increasing or reducing in specific areas; i t helps law enforcement prepare plans of action to combat crime in specific areas. Sources such as the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), which is overseen by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) is just one crime data collection asset that is used to determine nationwide crime trends. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (2017), â€Å"Research is critical to the development of sound criminal justiceRead MoreFederal Agencies1660 Words   |  7 Pagesagency lies within the administrative structure of the federal government.. Objective of this paper is to discuss where the following agencies lie in the administrative structure of the federal government: U.S. Army Corps Engineers U.S. Bureau Land Management U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Geological Survey The (USACE) United States Army Corps of Engineers  is a U.S federal agency operating under the Department of Defense. Major army command is made upRead MoreFederal Bureau Of Investigations And The Central Intelligence Agency1633 Words   |  7 Pageslimitations that the Federal Bureau of Investigations and the Central Intelligence Agency had faced. Security breaches and poor intelligence sharing were just some of the critical failures that were encountered. Moreover, the main focus is pointed towards the miscommunication between these two agencies. Evidently, the execution and tactical strategies went unnoticed despite the apparent red flags that presented themselves, in addition to the Federal Bureau of Investigations and the Central IntelligenceRead MoreAnthrax And Its Effects On Humans1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing the Trade Center attack, letters were sent through the mail to the media and to congressional offices, that had microscopic spores on them (Federal Bureau of I nvestigation, n.d.). Inhalation of the spores and the lack of proper treatment lead to the death of five people, as well as 17 who were infected (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Most of the individuals forwent treatment due to the symptoms that mimic other illness-flu, common cold symptoms, or upper respiratory infection, untilRead MoreInterventions and Policies for Airline Accident Prevention1804 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing replaced with a more systematic and selective process. As aircraft technology and systems development becomes more advanced, air travel perceived as safer and as such, the role of investigating agencies has evolved. A number of air safety investigation agencies have policies to help determine their level of response to occurrences by considering a range of factors such as the severity of the event, the category of aircraft involved, class of operation and public interest. In the majority of occurrencesRead MoreOrganizational Management and Operations Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagespreventing society from victimizing itself at the local and state level. Essentially local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies have the same mandates. The main difference of these agencies lies in their jurisdictions, staffing, funding, support, and operations. Regardless of the level, each sworn officer took an oath to enforce the laws of the United States and his or her local governments within his or her established jurisdictions. Fundamentally, each officerRead MoreWhy Do People Join Gangs?762 Words   |  4 Pages fraud, extortion, and prostitution rings. According to the 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment report, gangs are responsible for an average of 48 percent of violent crime in most jurisdictions, and up to 90 percent in others(Federal Bureau of Investigations). African American and Hispanic gangs began in on the west coast around the 1920s. They consisted of mostly family members and neighborhood friends. In the late 60s, the Crips and Bloods, the most violent and criminally activeRead MoreThe Policing Function At The Local, State, And Federal Organizational Levels Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesor her job consist of traffic regulations and criminal investigations. State level police officers put more of his or her lives in harm’s way. For he or she who works within the criminal justice system, corrections, and court system with a purpose to deter crime within the community, arrest criminals, enforce the laws, respond to emergencies, and operate correctional facilities. Federal law enforcements roles are Federal Bureau of Investigations, The U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Drug EnforcementRead MoreThe Flawed System Of The Uniform Crime Reporting Program882 Words   |  4 PagesThe two flawed systems that are in use for collecting crime statistics in the United States are, Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). These programs were developed by t he Federal Bureau of Investigations to collect crime data from around the United States. Both systems are outdated and need to be updated. Although these programs may be flawed, they are still used to collect very important data that is collected to write new policies that

Flashbacks Nightmares During Pregnancy Essay - 2287 Words

Nightmares During Pregnancy By:- Aditi Kapoor Its true that during pregnancy or shorty after they’ve given birth dream perception of the people changes. But have you wondered why this happens? (Of course, We’re talking to the women in this post, but you men can feel free to read along and learn something as well). Many women complaints that they encounter dreams about miscarriages or some miss happening to their baby, not only dreams related to the pregnancy but themselves too or about family or anything related to them. During this period of time many women also encounter problems of hallucinations. This post will hopefully help you to understand why people have nightmares during early pregnancy (And even later) and what you can do about it, or what you can do to relieve some of the vividness and ‘scariness’ of it all, to make your experience more enjoyable. After all, no one REALLY wants to wake up at 3 in the morning sweating after a vivid nightmare, do they. We’ll explain a little bit about these types of dreams and then at the end of the post we’ll give some tips and tricks regarding what you can do to stop having these nightmares. Some nightmares during pregnancy will be unavoidable, but you can certainly reduce the number of bad dreams you have. Okay, so let’s look at what happens during pregnancy and why it could affect your dreams in a negative way.. Types of dreams As we are talking about the nightmare stuff, so lets start with the the types of most commonShow MoreRelatedAbortion: Is It Murder?1524 Words   |  7 Pagesher body. Although, the unborn baby inside a woman is still a person living, and terminating that pregnancy is the same thing as murder. No one should have the choice to commit murder. Abortion is honestly wrong because the laws prohibiting abortion help to keep people from playing God for selfish reasons. According to the â€Å"Guttmacher Institute,† in the United States about 1.6 million pregnancies end in abortion. Women with incomes under eleven thousand dollars are over three times more likelyRead MoreShould We Outlaw Abortion? Essay example1045 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendments reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a womans decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. (White, 94) But in time of this revolutionary court deciding, Norma McCorvey was too late to get the very abortion she was fighting for. She delivered child and immidelty the baby as given up for adoption. But it was the case Roe vs. Wade thatRead MoreSexual Assault And Its Effects On Society1389 Words   |  6 Pagesinstances, the victim will blame themselves for what has happened to them. Physically, there is nearly always damage in the affected areas (vagina, anus, penis, breasts, etcetera) that can lead to painful tissue damage. There is also the risk of pregnancy or STD’s that the victim must be aware of. Psychosocially, the victim becomes distant with everyone they were once close to. Their level of trust declines dramatically, causing relationships with spouses, family, and close friends to crumble. SinceRead MoreAbortion Is The Termination Of A Pregnancy After, Accompanied1435 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, o r closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. People have used the negative psychological effects of abortion as a basis to either promote or discourage abortion; making it one of the most highly debated topics for years. Many studies argue that abortion can lead to serious mental illness as people have disclosed effects ranging from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, sexualRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Child Sexual Abuse1467 Words   |  6 Pagesadults Many perpetrators of sexual assault are in position of trust or responsible for the child’s care, for instance, a family member, teacher, coach or priest. A study shows that the combination of lack of care and either physical or sexual abuse during childhood is strongly associated with an elevated risk of adult homelessness. Adults who experienced a combination of a lack of care and either child physical or sexual abuse were 26 times more likely to have been homeless than those with no experiencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1652 Words   |  7 Pages culture, or religion. It is not uncommon for men to experience spousal abuse. However, in reality abuse done by men towards women is a much more common occurrence. Men often abuse women as a result of negative domestic relationships experienced during childhood, the feeling of inadequacy and mental illness. However, the leading cause for this behaviour is the feeling of inferiority and the need to exert power. Stereotypically, the man in a relationship is seen as the protector, however in an abusiveRead MoreThe Job Of Her Dreams1716 Words   |  7 Pagestwenty-eig ht million women in the United States have had one or more abortions. These were women who were challenged and stressed by the circumstances surrounding the pregnancy, and the people on whom they normally would rely for support in difficult circumstances were unable, unwilling or unavailable to help with the crisis pregnancy. Boyfriends, even husbands, said they weren’t ‘ready for fatherhood.’ A woman who lacks the willing support and encouragement of the father to help raise the child isRead MoreIs Abortion a Defendable Idea on Moral Ground? Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesThis crucial yet sensitive issue continues to negatively affect the lives of humans. According to Tom Head (2003), abortion is destroying the physical and spiritual body. â€Å"It is the intentional termination of a pregnancy after conception. It allows women to put an end to their pregnancies, and involves killing the undeveloped embryo or fetus†. At the moment of conception, the emb ryo or fetus becomes alive. This new life now, imposes on us a moral obligation to preserve it. Let us also examine theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscusses of how the plant is a main factor in the causing of bronchitis, but states that this is only a proposed theory and unproven still at today s date. He does note that the plant will enter the woman s bloodstream through the placenta during pregnancy. Evidence indicates the plant is transferred to breast milk. This could cause spontaneous abortion and babies born at a lower weight (Kleber 139). Possibly the most controversial benefit of marijuana, the medicinal use. It has been provenRead More Abortions and Mens Rights Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pageschild. He is denied any rights to defend his child he cannot say one word about the continued existence of his child in the womb. The Supreme Court’s decision literally stripped the father of all his parental rights regarding his own flesh and blood during the first nine months of his son or daughter’s life. Only at birth can he engage in the child’s life and have full rights along with obligations granted to him. How is it that the courts paved the way for women to dispose of a fetus if they want to

Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study Free Essays

Billy Joel decided he wanted to learn to play the violin for his next set of concerts. He called a violin salesman in New York and asked if he had any for sale. The salesman stated he had a Stradivarius and a Guarnerius (two famous brands of violins) and offered to sell them to Billy for $80,000 and $24,000, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Billy agreed, over the phone, to purchase the violins from the salesman and told him he would be in town the next week to pick them up. Billy didn’t show up for two months, and when he entered the store, the salesman wasn’t there. His wife, Margaret, was there in the store, however, and she had full knowledge of the deal cut between her husband and Billy. (She’d heard her husband whining, complaining, and wailing about Billy not showing up for the last 2 months – and she was really sick of hearing about it.) Billy asked to see the violins, and Margaret showed him both of them. Billy stated he would agree to pay $65,000 for both of them, and Margaret, knowing that they were counterfeits and only worth $2,000 AND realizing that their house was about to go into foreclosure, agreed to the reduction in price and sold Billy the two violins for $65,000. She gave him a bill of sale that she wrote out on a note pad on the counter, which said, â€Å"Paid in full. Strativarus and Granruius violans. $65,000. Chk # 4301 Billy Joel. Salesperson: Margaret Madoff.† The notepad was one she had brought home from their last vacation to Las Vegas and was from The Flamingo hotel there. Billy took home the violins and proceeded to learn to play, albeit very poorly. Meanwhile, the salesman discovers that Margaret sold the violins for less than he had bargained for. He sues Billy Joel for the $39,000 difference, stating that Margaret was not an employee of the store and had no authority to change the deal he and Billy had made. During the pendency of the suit, and after his next concert, the newspapers stated, â€Å"Billy Joel should give up playing the violin! He stinks!† Billy takes his violins to a music store to sell them and discovers they are only worth $2,000 and that they are not Stradivarius and Guarnerius violins but are instead counterfeits. He wants to countersue the salesman and asks you on what basis can he do so. Using contract, agency, and any other legal concepts you have learned this session, on what bases can Billy sue the salesman and his wife? What defenses will they have? Do you think Billy can recover? Further, will Margaret’s husband (his name is Bernard) be able to collect against Billy for the difference in price from the original deal? Explain your answer fully as to the why’s, wherefore’s, and why not’s for both parties. Use bullet points and â€Å"issue spotting† to assist you in your answer. Case Solution In the above case scenario, the oral contract that was made between the seller and the buyer are not binding in the court of law in accordance to the contract law. As in the case the seller has been be met with the loss of settling for less that the agreed verbal contract holds. The offer that was made by the seller and accepted by the buyer was a partial fulfilment of the contract. The absent of proof that in deed an agreement was made between the two parties will made the court to rule in favour of Billy. This should hence be the basis of argument that Billy can use. The sell of counterfeit commodities to a buyer in high prices is considered to be a crime. The use of this basis by Billy holds a chance of guaranteeing him victory. This will also help in the reclaiming of his image as a performer indicating that it was the counterfeit pianos that lead to the earlier poor performance. It is hence imperative to state that through these bases Bill will have a strong argument in the court against the business persons. Defence to be used by the Business Persons: It is paramount to note that the Bernard and Margaret as the business persons do not hold a strong case against Billy due to the lack proof of the contract that was made in this business transaction. The fact that Margaret facilitated the completion of the verbal business relations with the sale of the piano at a rate that was lower than the initially accepted prices can be used to state that she was not a business individual. The recommended $ 39,000 difference that Bernard is seeking from Billy Joel with regards to the agreed price would be based on the fact that the individual who facilitated the initial processes of the contract was not an authority. The Collection of the Extra Money: The initial prices that had been verbally quoted by the salesman where: $ 80,000 for Stradivarius piano and $ 24,000 for the Guarnerius piano. The total price that was paid for during the selling traction was only $65,000 which was less by $ 39,000. The fact that the two pianos where deemed to be counterfeit with the total worth of only $ 2,000, the chances of the business personnel having a refund will be unfruitful. It would not be in order for the court to rule in favour of the Bernard to attain the extra funds by virtue that they had sold a product to their customer that was functioning properly that ended up denting his image as a performer. The original deal made between the two parties was based on lies and hence should not be cemented with the pay of the extra unpaid funds. A refund for the already paid funds in terms of $ 65,000 should be made to the customer. In the analysis of this case, it has been ascertained that the holding of physical proof for the contracts has to be met in any business relations. This will help in the smooth transition of the business activities (Larson, 2010). Contract: In this case, the business contract was made between two parties with an oral offer and acceptance of the buyer. Based on the agreement, the two pianos were to be purchased at the stated price of $104,000. The reasonable period to enforce the purchase was the agreed one week where Billy was to collect the items. This can be used against him by the seller stating that they did not stick to the original oral business contract. The act of the seller misinterpreting the worth of the two pianos was not lawful since it is prohibited by the federal government. The presence of the third party in the business relation (wife) led to the reformation of the contract a new price generated. This led to the promise made to be broken by the buyer in the presence of the third party. Agency: The ostensible authority that is held by the wife of the seller to give the buyer a new business deal with the information she held about the fake nature of the pianos would be termed in order in the court if the two jointly owned the business. The fact that she was not gives the seller an upper hand in stating that the purchase was made on unfair terms without his knowledge. This gives a somewhat strong basis for argument in the quest to attain the $ 39,000 difference in payment that was not made. How to cite Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study, Free Case study samples

Mycorrhizae free essay sample

Mycorrhiza is a specialized fungus in the soil which forms close associations with the roots of a vascular plants * In other temperate and boreal successional systems arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are the primary mycorrhizal associate in early succession, whereas in older soils the main associates are ectomycorrhizal fungi (Piotrowski, 2008). Arbuscualar Mycorrhizae: Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type of mycorrhiza in land plants. It’s root cells have arbuscules (tree like structure, highly branched hyphae inside plant cells) and vesicles in most species Its occurrence in a vast majority of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the origin of land plants. Classes include Archaeosporales, Diversisporales, Glomerales, Paraglomerales, part of the phylum Globermycota, and part of the kingdom fungi (species grow Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) * Fossil evidence and DNA sequence analysis by mycologists show arbuscular mycorrhizae first appeared approximately 400-460 million years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Mycorrhizae or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Arbuscular mycorrhizas are found in 90% of all plant families, and occur in many crop species. How it Works: * Plant nutrients which are concentrated with nutrients are taken by hyphae and then released into the root cells of vascular plants. Nutrients can also be stored in the root of the fungus and used in the future when the nutrients are needed, such as low temperatures or season fluctuations. * Arbuscular mycorrhizas are mycorrhizas whose hyphae enter into the plant cells, producing balloon-like vesicles or dichotomously-branching arbuscules. Arbuscular mycorrhizae are known to be heterkaryon, goining through both asexual and sexual reproduction. * The hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce the glycoprotein glomalin, which may be one of the major stores of carbon in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have (possibly) been asexual for many millions of years and, unusually, individuals can contain many genetically different nuclei (a phenomenon called heterokaryosis). * The fungal hyphae do not in fact penetrate the protoplast (i. . the interior of the cell), but invaginate the cell membrane. The structure of the arbuscules greatly increases the contact surface area between the hypha and the cell cytoplasm to facilitate the transfer of nutrients between them. Ectomycorrhizae * Ectomycorrhizas, or EcM, are typically formed between the roots of around 10% of plant families, mostly woody plants including, eucalyptus, oak, pine, and rose * Families and fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. Ectomycorrhizas consist of a hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and a hartig net of hyphae surrounding the plant cells within the root cortex. In some cases the hyphae may also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is called an ectendomycorrhiza. Outside the root, the fungal mycelium forms an extensive network within the soil and leaf litter. Nutrients can be shown to move between different plants through the fungal network. Carbon has been shown to move from paper birch trees into Douglas-fir trees thereby promoting succession in ecosystems. Benefits of Mycorrhizae * AMF affect phosphorus cycling, aid seedling establishment of many plant groups, help maintain plant diversity, and strongly contribute to soil stabilization and carbon storage through soil aggregate formation * Experiments have shown mycorrhizas can increase the uptake of plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous when they are at low concentrations or in insoluble form in the soil * Improve crops without being indispensible * Make nutrient uptake from poor soil more resourceful Mycorrhizas can increase the absorption of plant nutrients when they are at low temperatures or insoluble in the soil * The plant supplies the fungus with carbon compounds, including hexose sugars which are sugar alcohols which increases the plant cell permeability. * Carbon can be transferred between plants because mycorrhizae grow and attach to many different roots of plants of different species